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Indian Politics

Indian politics revolve around the framework of its fundamental law, as the Republic of India is a union parliamentary democratic republic where the President of Republic of India is the formal head of the judiciary and legislature of India and the Prime Minister of the Republic of India is the chief of government.
Indian Politics

The Republic of India embraces a double government system which comprises of
  • the central government or union government or official the Government of India (GoI), which is the supreme governing authority of  twenty-nine states and seven union territories
  • the state governments (the Governor is the head of Executive) across the Indian states, which are the level of governing agencies functioning under the administrative ambit of the union government of India.
Indian Parliament

The supreme law of India specifies the administration, powers and restrictions of both union and state governments, and it is provided with a secure reputation, and is incapable of compromise or flexibility and regarded the greatest in status, authority or power. 

The Republic of India also follows the bicameral legislature, where the legislators are separated into two individual assemblies, i.e.
  • Rajya Sabha also known as Council of States - the upper house of the Parliament of India and a representative of the Indian states
  • Lok Sabha also known as House of the People - the lower house of the Parliament of India and a representative of the people of India, at large
Both the central government and the state governments are usually constituted through elections held every five years. 

During the year 1951, the Republic of India had its first general election (Indian general election of 1951–52) and the Indian National Congress (INC), popularly called as Congress headed by Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru won the election.

Central Hall in Parliament

The congress party continued its dominance in the Indian political scene till 1977. The 1977 election (the sixth general elections) introduced a major political change that the election was won by the Janata Party led by Morarji Desai and he assumed the office as the fifth Prime Minister of India (1977 to 1979) and became India's first non-Congress Prime Minister.

Political History of India

Raising-of-the-Tricolor-for-the-First-Time-at-India-Gate-in-New-Delhi

At the midnight of August 14, 1947 India started its experimentation of democracy (against all odds), which is a political system ruled by the people, either directly or through elected representatives. 

The 1st generation national leaders to the next bracket of leaders all have appropriated democracy to penetrate into the political system of India right from the national level politics to the rural political system. 

Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru (14 November 1889 - 27 May 1964) sworn-in as the first Prime Minister of the independent India and picked out fifteen ministers in his cabinet.

The_Hindustan_Times_front_page_15_August_1947

Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel (31 October 1875 - 15 December 1950) assumed office as the first Deputy Prime Minister of India. Some of the other prominent political leaders who were a part of the first Nehru ministry include B. R. Ambedkar, Sir Ramasamy Chetty Kandasamy Shanmukham Chetty, Baldev Singh, Jairamdas Daulatram, Syama Prasad Mukherjee, Jagjivan Ram, Cooverji Hormusji Bhabha, Rafi Ahmed Kidwai, Rajkumari Amrit Kaur, Narhar Vishnu Gadgil, Kshitish Chandra Neogy and so on.
The_first_Cabinet_of_independent_India

Did you know?
Rajkumari Amrit Kaur (2 February 1889 – 2 October 1964) was the only female Cabinet Minister (Minister of Health) among the 15 ministers of the First Nehru ministry.

The_first_Cabinet_of_independent_India

Unfortunate times fast approached the country as it was not even six months after the country attained independence, when ‘Father of the Nation’ Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was assassinated on January 30, 1948. 

His untimely demise was a huge blow to the country, which was fighting firmly to demonstrate state authority, handle the admittance of princely states among other political undertakings.

First-Indo-Pakistan-War

The first few years of the Independent India were tumultuous, owing to diverse reasons - the integration of over five hundred princely states (autonomous entities of India during the British Raj) to build a united India, the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948 (First Kashmir War), massive migration of population with Pakistan, series of communal violence and many other menacing issues.

Did you know?
The date on which the Constitution of India (the supreme law of India) came into force, i.e. 26 January, 1950 is celebrated with patriotic fervor across as the country as the Republic Day of India.

A_Constituent_Assembly_of_India_meeting_in_1950

As the first Minister for Home and States Affairs minister and Deputy Prime Minister of the independent India, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel was instrumental in unifying the princely states and the British Indian states into a united India. 

The Constituent Assembly of India (a successor to the British parliament's authority in India), led by Dr B. R. Ambedkar drafted a fundamental law for India. 

With India becoming an independent, democratic, republic after its fundamental law came into effect on 26 January 1950, the Constituent Assembly was converted as the Provisional Parliament of India and the stage was set for the first national elections in India.

First Indian General Election, 1951- 52

First-general-elections-1951-52

1951-52 witnessed the first general election of India (1st Lok Sabha). These were the first ever polls to be conducted under the new fundamental law, framed with the British parliamentary system of rules as a framework. 

Nevertheless, the most prominent disappointment of the election was that about 17.32 crore people were eligible to vote and an outrageously low voter turnout of 45.7% was recorded.  

The Indian National Congress (INC) gained a landslide victory, making headway with 364 of the 489 seats. Jawaharlal Nehru became the first democratically elected Prime Minister of India.

Total Number of Lok Sabha Seats: 489
Majority Needed: 245

First Party: Indian National Congress
Seats Won: 364
Leader: Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru
Vote Percentage: 44.99%

Second Party: Communist Party of India (CPI)
Seats Won: 16
Leader: Shripad Amrit Dange
Vote Percentage: 3.29%

Elected Prime Minister - Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru

Indian General Election of 1957

Indian General Election of 1957

Indian general election held 24 February to 14 March 1957 elected the second Lok Sabha of the Republic of India.

Total Number of Lok Sabha Seats: 494
Majority Needed: 248

First Party: Indian National Congress
Seats Won: 371
Leader: Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru
Vote Percentage: 47.78%

Second Party: Communist Party of India (CPI)
Seats Won: 16
Leader: Shripad Amrit Dange
Vote Percentage: 8.92%

Elected Prime Minister - Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru

Indian General Election of 1962

nehru-mahatma-gandhi

Held from 19 to 25 February 1962, the third Indian general election elected the third Lok Sabha of India. Different than the previous editions of general elections, the Indian General Election of 1962 elected a single member from each constituency.

Total Number of Lok Sabha Seats: 494
Majority Needed: 248

First Party: Indian National Congress
Seats Won: 361
Leader: Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru
Vote Percentage: 44.72%

Second Party: Communist Party of India (CPI)
Seats Won: 29
Leader: Shripad Amrit Dange
Vote Percentage: 9.94%

Elected Prime Minister - Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru

Nehru

After 1962, Nehru's health started declining, which led him to spend considerable time in Kashmir recovering. On 27 May 1964, Nehru died from a heart attack, leaving the world in shock. 

The unexpected demise of the 'Architect of the Modern India' left many anxious about the 'after Nehru' era. Gulzarilal Nanda, the then Minister for Home Affairs and the most senior of the cabinet ministers took charge as an interim Prime Minister of India. 

His term of office ended in just 13 days (27 May 1964 - 9 June 1964) after the governing Congress's parliamentary party elected a new prime minister.

lal bhadur sastri

With the support of the president of Indian National Congress Kumarasami Kamaraj (fondly called as Kamarajar), Lal Bahadur Shastri became the third Prime Minister of the Republic of India and assumed office on 9 June 1964. 

As a follower of Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, Shastri retained domestic, foreign and economic policies of Nehru. However, Shastri's incumbency as Prime Minister lasted only nineteen months as he died on 11 January 1966, due to heart attack.

Following the untimely death of Lal Bahadur Shastri, Gulzarilal Nanda (once again) assumed office as an acting Prime Minister till the Indian National Congress's parliamentary party picked Indira Gandhi to formally succeed Lal Bahadur Shastri.

Indian General Election of 1967

Indira Gandhi

Held from 17 to 21 February 1967, the Indian general election of 1967 elected the fourth Lok Sabha of India. The states and territories were represented by 520 single member constituencies which is a notable increase in the number of constituencies from the previous general elections (number of Lok Sabha seats during 1962 election: 494).

Indira Gandhi election

Total Number of Lok Sabha Seats: 520
Majority Needed: 261

First Party: Indian National Congress
Seats Won: 283
Leader: Indira Gandhi
Vote Percentage: 40.78%

Second Party: Swatantra Party
Seats Won: 44
Leader: C. Rajagopalachari
Vote Percentage: 8.67%

Elected Prime Minister: Indira Gandhi

Indian General Election of 1971

Held from March 1 to 10 1971, the Indian general election of 1971 elected the fifth Lok Sabha of India. Led by Indira Gandhi, the Indian National Congress (R), getting the better out of a split in the party and attained a massive victory. 

Furthermore, the Indian National Congress (R) recovered a lot of the seats lost in the Indian General Election of 1967.

Total Number of Lok Sabha Seats: 520
Majority Needed: 260

First Party: Indian National Congress (R)
Seats Won: 352
Leader: Indira Gandhi
Vote Percentage: 43.68%

Second Party: Indian National Congress (Organisation)
Seats Won: 51
Leader: C. Rajagopalachari
Vote Percentage: 24.34%

Elected Prime Minister: Indira Gandhi

The Emergency - The Darkest Period in the History of Independent India

newspaper

During the time period from 1973 to 1975, the government led by Indira Gandhi had faced severe criticism on various issues. As a matter of fact, Indira Gandhi's government had to face as much as ten motion-of-no-confidences in the lower house of the Indian parliament. 

It is important to note that the verdict passed by the Allahabad High Court on the Lokbandhu Raj Narain case played a crucial role in the enforcement of emergency rule in India.

Lok-bandhu_raj_narain

Lokbandhu Raj Narain, popularly known as Raj Narain took a strong stand against the practices and policies of the then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. He went on to contest in the Indian General Election of 1971 representing the constituency of Rai Bareli against Indira Gandhi as a Samyukta Socialist Party candidate. 

Although, he had been defeated in the election, Raj Narain filed a case against Indira Gandhi of election fraudulence and manipulation of state machinery for the purpose of election in the Allahabad High Court.
emergency approval

It took over four years for Justice Jagmohanlal Sinha to deliver the verdict on the case that held Indira Gandhi guilty on the charge of misapply of government machinery for the purpose of the election campaign. 

Furthermore, her election was declared invalid which gave the protestors an upper hand. Indira Gandhi went to the Supreme Court of India challenging the verdict of the Allahabad High Court. The apex court upheld the verdict of the Allahabad High Court. Notwithstanding, Indira Gandhi was permitted to continue as the Prime Minister of India.

Indira Gandhi

The following day witnessed a massive rally in Delhi led by Jayaprakash Narayan. The same day, that is, 26 June 1975, Indira Gandhi requested President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed (5th President of India) to bring out a declaration of a state of emergency. 

On the night of 25 June 1975, the President of India announced a state of internal emergency upon Indira Gandhi's advice. The press and media were censored, political opponents were arrested and several other acts of atrocious cruelty were reported across the country.

George-Fernandes-being-arrested-during-the-Emergency

After a 21-month period of suspended democracy, the emergency was officially terminated on 23 March 1977. Political prisoners were freed and Indira Gandhi called for fresh elections.

Indian General Election of 1977

General election India

Held from 16 to 20 March 1977, the sixth Indian General Election of 1977 elected the sixth Lok Sabha of India. The enforcement of emergency rule made Indira Gandhi to be regarded with extreme disfavor and had a great impact on the 1977 election. 

Opposition political parties, the Indian National Congress (Organisation), the Bharatiya Lok Dal (BLD), the Socialist Party and the Jan Sangh came together as the Janata alliance to fight the election. The opponents took up the issue of emergency during their campaign and it worked in their favor.

Total Number of Lok Sabha Seats: 542
Majority Needed: 272

First Party: Janata Party
Seats Won: 345
Leader: Morarji Desai
Vote Percentage: 51.89%

Second Party: Indian National Congress
Seats Won: 189
Leader: Indira Gandhi
Vote Percentage: 40.98%

Elected Prime Minister: Morarji Desai

Indian General Election of 1980

Charan-singh

Held on January 3 and 6, 1980, the seventh Indian general election elected the seventh Lok Sabha of India. Owing to the unceasing internal fights and ideological conflicts, the Janata Party government was ineffective in addressing national issues. As a result, Morarji Desai, the then Prime Minister of India was pressured to leave office.

post election

Charan Singh, a member of the Janata alliance was able to retain some cooperators of the alliance and became the 6th Prime Minister of India in June 1979. 

When Congress backed out from supporting Charan Singh, he was forced to quit. The not-so-private political in-fighting in Janata party and unable to deliver as a government resulted in the revival of Indira Gandhi.

Total Number of Lok Sabha Seats: 542
Majority Needed: 272

First Party:  Indian National Congress (I)
Seats Won: 374
Leader: Indira Gandhi
Vote Percentage: 42.69%

Second Party: Janata Party (Secular)
Seats Won: 41
Leader: Charan Singh
Vote Percentage: 9.39%

Elected Prime Minister: Indira Gandhi

Indian General Election of 1984

rajiv-gandhi

Following the assassination of the Prime Minister Indira Gandhi (31 October 1984), Rajiv Gandhi assumed office to become the youngest Prime Minister of India. 

Shortly after becoming the Prime Minister of India, Rajiv Gandhi requested the President Zail Singh (7th President of India) to dissolve Parliament and call for fresh polls citing that the Lok Sabha of India had completed its full term.

Subsequently, Rajiv Gandhi was appointed as the President of the Indian National Congress. With Gandhi as its Prime Ministerial face, congress achieved a massive victory in the election, creating records in terms of majority in the Indian parliament.

Total Number of Lok Sabha Seats: 533
Majority Needed: 267

First Party: Indian National Congress
Seats Won: 404
Leader: Rajiv Gandhi
Vote Percentage: 49.10%

Second Party: Telugu Desam Party (TDP)
Seats Won: 41
Leader: N.T. Rama Rao
Vote Percentage: 4.31%

Elected Prime Minister: Rajiv Gandhi

The Indian General Election of 1984 also witnessed a regional party, i.e., Telugu Desam Party (TDP) becoming the opposition party in the parliament after winning thirty seats in the election.

Indian General Election of 1989

V. P. Singh

Held on November 22, and November 26, 1989, the Indian General Election of 1984 elected the ninth Lok Sabha of India. Though, Rajiv Gandhi had a massive victory in the previous general election, the opposition parties took up the issue of Bofors scandal, terrorism in Punjab and many other issues against the Congress government. 

Rajiv Gandhi suffered a loss in the election as Vishwanath Pratap Singh (popularly called as V. P. Singh) in alliance with the National Front and formed a minority government at the Centre. 

With outside support of Bharatiya Janata Party and the Communists, V.P. Singh became the 8th Prime Minister of India and Chaudhari Devi Lal as the Deputy Prime Minister of India.
 
Chandra Shekhar

V.P. Singh's government faced a series of crisis right from the day of coming to the power. Some of the major issues which stared at the government include rough-and-tumble with Reliance group, protests after Mandal Commission report, and the Ram Janmabhoomi turmoil and so on. 

Subsequently,  the Bharatiya Janata Party decided to freeze the support granted to the government and V.P Singh had to face a motion of no-confidence in the Lok Sabha. 

On 7 November 1990, Singh stepped down after losing the vote on the motion. The 'blurring' moment was grabbed by the Chandra Shekhar. He quit the Janata Dal along with his supporters and went on to form the Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya) (SJP(R)).

With the support of the opposition (Rajiv Gandhi) on the floor of the house and with barely 64 MPs, Chandra Shekhar Singh became the ninth Prime Minister of India. 

The new Prime Minister's term of office ended in just 223 days as Rajiv Gandhi backed away from supporting the government and subsequently, fresh elections were called.

Total Number of Lok Sabha Seats: 545
Majority Needed: 273

First Party: Janata Dal
Seats Won: 143
Leader: V. P. Singh
Vote Percentage: 40.6%

Second Party: Indian National Congress
Seats Won: 197
Leader: Rajiv Gandhi
Vote Percentage: 39.53%

Elected Prime Minister: V. P. Singh

Indian General Election of 1991

rajiv gandhi

Held on May 20, June 12 and June 15, 1991, the Indian General Election of 1991 elected the tenth Lok Sabha of India. A black day right after the first phase of May 20 1991 witnessed the shocking assassination of the former Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi. 

The Election Commission of India postponed the remaining rounds of election till June. The remaining rounds of election took place on June 12 and 15.

Narasimha-Rao

The Indian National Congress did badly in the (pre-assassination) seats and did well the (post-assassination) seats. The conclusion was a minority government led by P. V. Narasimha Rao of congress. 

Mr. Rao became the tenth Prime Minister of India. With no clear majority, congress (with the help of left parties) went on to form a stable government that survived its full term. 

Total Number of Lok Sabha Seats: 545
Majority Needed: 273

First Party: Indian National Congress
Seats Won: 244
Leader: P. V. Narasimha
Vote Percentage: 35.66%

Second Party: Bharatiya Janata Party
Seats Won: 120
Leader: Lal Krishna Advani
Vote Percentage: 20.04%

Elected Prime Minister: P. V. Narasimha

Indian General Election of 1996

Atal-Bihari-Vajpayee

Held on 27 April, 2 May and 7 May 1996, the Indian General Election of 1996 elected the eleventh Lok Sabha of India. The election result brought about a hung parliament and the country had three different Prime Ministers in just two years and went for fresh election during the year 1998. 

On 16th May, Atal Bihari Vajpayee became the Prime Minister of India only to step down in just thirteen days as he could not gain support to prove a majority.

Deve_Gowda

Thirteen national and regional parties came together to form the United Front coalition. The United Front led by H. D. Deve Gowda formed the new government with the outside support of Indian National Congress.

Mr. Gowda became the twelfth Prime Minister of India. His term of office was from 1 June 1996 to 21 April 1997 (324 days).

Inder_Kumar_Gujral

When Congress decided to support a new government, Inder Kumar Gujral (popularly known as I. K. Gujral) of Janata Dal became the thirteenth Prime Minister of India. His term of office was from 21 April 1997 to 19 March 1998 (332 days).

Total Number of Lok Sabha Seats: 545
Majority Needed: 273

First Party: Janata Dal
Seats Won: 192
Leader: H. D. Deve Gowda
Vote Percentage: 29%

Second Party: Bharatiya Janata Party
Seats Won: 187
Leader: Atal Bihari Vajpayee
Vote Percentage: 20.29%

Thrid Party: Indian National Congress
Seats Won: 140
Leader: P. V. Narasimha Rao
Vote Percentage: 28.80%

Elected Prime Minister(s): Atal Bihari Vajpayee, H. D. Deve Gowda and I. K. Gujral

Indian General Election of 1998

atal

Held on February 16, February 22 and February 28, 1998, the Indian General Election of 1996 elected the twelfth Lok Sabha of India. The 1998 election was called when the INC decided to walk out of the United Front government headed by I. K. Gujral. 

The results of the 1998 election were also inconclusive, with no political party or coalition capable to form a government. 

Atal Bihari Vajpayee of Bharatiya Janata Party became the Prime Minister of India, but the BJP government survived only for about thirteen months as the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK of Tamil Nadu) withdrew support. Again, fresh election was called.

Total Number of Lok Sabha Seats: 545
Majority Needed: 273

First Party: Bharatiya Janata Party
Seats Won: 254
Leader: Atal Bihari Vajpayee
Vote Percentage: 37.21%

Second Party: Indian National Congress
Seats Won: 144
Leader: Sitaram Kesri   
Vote Percentage: 26.14%

Thrid Party: Janata Dal
Seats Won: 64
Leader: I. K. Gujral
Vote Percentage: 11.74%

Elected Prime Minister: Atal Bihari Vajpayee

Indian General Election of 1999

Atal-Bihari-Vajpayee-from-his-younger-days-with-popular-poet-Gulab-Khandelwal

Held from 5 September to 3 October 1999, the Indian General Election of 1999 elected the thirteenth Lok Sabha of India. The 1999 general election holds significance in the political history of independent India as a united front of political parties (National Democratic Alliance) went on to prove majority and the newly formed government lasted a full term, therefore discontinuing a time period of political imbalance in the country. 

The term of office of Atal Bihari Vajpayee was from 19 March 1998 to 22 May 2004 (6 years, 64 days).

Total Number of Lok Sabha Seats: 545
Majority Needed: 273

First Party: Bharatiya Janata Party
Seats Won: 270
Leader: Atal Bihari Vajpayee
Vote Percentage: 37.06%

Second Party: Indian National Congress
Seats Won: 156
Leader: Sonia Gandhi   
Vote Percentage: 28.30%

Elected Prime Minister: Atal Bihari Vajpayee

Indian General Election of 2004

Manmohan singh

The Indian General Election of 2004 saw the Indian National Congress coming back to power after eight long years, defeating the Bharatiya Janata Party and its coalition National Democratic Alliance (NDA). 

Manmohan Singh was sworn as the fourteenth Prime Minister of India and the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) led by Sonia Gandhi formed a government with majority.

Total Number of Lok Sabha Seats: 545
Majority Needed: 273

First Party: Indian National Congress
Seats Won: 218
Leader: Sonia Gandhi
Vote Percentage: 35.4%

Second Party: Bharatiya Janata Party
Seats Won: 181
Leader: Atal Bihari Vajpayee
Vote Percentage: 33.3%

Elected Prime Minister: Manmohan Singh

Indian General Election of 2009

Manmohan singh

A five phased Indian General Election of 2009 elected the fifteenth Lok Sabha of India. The United Progressive Alliance (UPA) headed by the Indian National Congress (INC) formed the government comfortably. 

Manmohan Singh became the second Prime Minister (after Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru) to be re-elected after a full term.

Total Number of Lok Sabha Seats: 543
Majority Needed: 272

First Party: Indian National Congress
Seats Won: 262
Leader: Manmohan Singh
Vote Percentage: 37.22%

Second Party: Bharatiya Janata Party
Seats Won: 159
Leader: Lal Krishna Advani
Vote Percentage: 24.63%

Thrid Party: Communist Party of India (Marxist)
Seats Won: 79
Leader: Prakash Karat
Vote Percentage: 21.15%

Elected Prime Minister: Manmohan Singh

Indian General Election of 2014

Narendra Modi - Incumbent

Held from 7 April to 12 May 2014, Indian General Election of 2014 was the longest general election in the history of Independent India. 

With 814.5 million people eligible voters, the Indian General Election of 2014 was regarded as the largest election in the globe. The Indian General Election of 2014 elected the fifteenth Lok Sabha of India.


In addition, the Indian General Election of 2014 recorded the highest ever election turnout in the history (66.38%). The Bharatiya Janata Party and its allies handed over a worse defeat to the Indian National Congress and formed the largest majority government since the Indian General Election of 1984 general. 

Narendra Damodardas Modi became the fifteenth Prime Minister of India by assuming office on 26 May 2014.

Total Number of Lok Sabha Seats: 543
Majority Needed: 272

First Party: Bharatiya Janata Party
Seats Won: 282 (NDA - 336)
Leader: Narendra Modi (Incumbent)
Vote Percentage: 31.0%

Second Party: Indian National Congress
Seats Won: 44 (UPA - 60)
Leader: Rahul Gandhi
Vote Percentage: 19.3%

Thrid Party: All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK)
Seats Won: 37
Leader: J. Jayalalithaa
Vote Percentage: 3.3%

Indian General Election of 2019

modi

The 2019 Indian general election was held in seven phases from 11 April to 19 May 2019 to constitute the 17th Lok Sabha. Final result was declared on 23 May. Bharatiya Janata Party under the leadership of Narendra Modi won 303 seats. 

While the BJP-led National Democratic Alliance won 353 seats. On the other hand main opposition party that is the Indian National Congress won 52 seats, and the Congress-led United Progressive Alliance won 91. 

Other parties and their alliances won 98 seats.Modi was sworn in for his second term as prime minister on 30th May 2019.

Total Number of Lok Sabha Seats: 543
Majority Needed: 272

Political Parties in India

Parties in India

The Republic of India has a multi-party system with status and recognition allotted to national and state level political parties. A multi-party system is nothing but an arrangement in which multiple political parties across the political spectrum contest in national and regional elections. 

As a matter of fact, all the political parties have equal chance of winning elections and taking control of government offices, individually or in alliance government.

Political parties who want to contest in national, state or local elections are needed to be cross-filed with the Election Commission of India (ECI). 

Parties registered with the election commission are elevated as recognized national or regional parties based on various standards. The election commission of India recognized political party gets various exclusive rights which include
  • reserved party symbol
  • free time slots on state run TV channel and radio
  • have a say in fixing election dates
  • have a say in deciding electoral rules and regulations
Some of the major and recognized national and regional political parties of India include:

Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), Indian National Congress (INC), Communist Party of India (Marxist), Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP), All India Trinamool Congress (AITC), Nationalist Congress Party (NCP), Revolutionary Socialist Party (RSP), All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK), All India Forward Bloc (AIFB), Aam Aadmi Party (AAP), Janata Dal (Secular), Telugu Desam Party (TDP), Shiv Sena, Telangana Rashtra Samithi (TRS), Shiromani Akali Dal (SAD), Mizo National Front (MNF), Jammu & Kashmir National Conference (JKNC), Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK), All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen (AIMIM) and so on.
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